Direct - Indirect Speech

Direct Speech (kalimat langsung) adalah kutipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan.

Contoh :

“Don’t close the window!” she said to me

“where are you going?” she asked

Indirect Speech (kalimat tak langsung) menceritakan kembali pembicaraan atau pendapat seseorang dan mengalami perubahan/modifikasi tertentu.

Ada tiga jenis kalimat Indirect Speech:

A.     Statement (Pernyataan)

Mengalami perubahan Pronoun dan Possessive Adjective

Direct	Indirect
I	He/she
You	Me/he/she/them/him/her
My	His/her
Our	Their/our
Your	My/his/her

Mengalami perubahan waktu

Direct	Indirect	Direct	Indirect
Now	Then	Last…	The…before
To day	That day		The previous…
Tomorrow	The next day	…ago	…before
Next…	The day after	Yesterday	The day before
	The following day	The day before yesterday	Two days before
	The…after	Here	There
	The following	This	That
		These	Those

Mengalami perubahan tenses

Direct	Indirect	Direct	Indirect
V1	V2	Can, may, will	Could, might, would
V2	Had+V3	Must	Had to
Is/am	Was	Could+V1/be	Could+have+V3
Are	Were	Might+V1/be	Might+have+V3
Has/have	Had	Should+V1/be	Should+have+V3
Did	Had+V3	Would+V1/be	Would+have+V3

Contoh :

1.    Sari : “I will go to Jogja.

Sari said that she would go to Jogja

2.     Sabiq : “They miss the bus

Sabiq said that they missed the bus

B.    Command (Perintah)

Yang dilaporkan adalah perintah, biasanya tidak mengenal subjek. Maka kata kerja (Verb) dalam direct speech-nya tidak mengalami perubahan. Kata kerja dalam indirect-nya menjadi to infinitive.

	Direct	Indirect
Positif	V1 Be + adjective/adverb	To V1 To be + adjective/adverb
Negative	Don’t + V1 Don’t be + adjective/adverb	No to + V1

Contoh :

1.     “Be quite!” the teacher said to the students (Direct)

The teacher said to the students to be quit (Indirect)

2.     “Please help me!” she told me (Direct)

She told me to help her (Indirect)

C.    Question (Pertanyaan)

Bentuk question di bagi dua :

1. Berawalan auxiliary

Bila pernyataan itu diawali dengan auxiliary yang hanya membutuhkan jawaban “yes/not” maka kita gunakan penghubung if atau whether dalam indirect-nya. Pembentukan direct ke indirect speech mengalami perubahan seperti pola statement

Contoh :
A. The teacher asked : do you finish the homework? (Direct)

The teacher asked me whether/if I finished the homework (Indirect)

B. Nancy asked me : can I borrow you motorcycle? (Direct)

Nancy asked me whether/if he could borrow my motorcycle (Indirect)

2.  Menggunakan kata Tanya/question word (when, how, where…..)

Question word disini berfungsi sebagai kata penghubung dalam indirect-nya. Langkah pembentukan indirect speech tipe ini sama dengan langkah pembentukan question berauxiliary tetapi if/whether digantikan dengan question word dari bentuk direct-nya

Contoh :
A. The foreign tourist asked : where can I buy batik? (Direct)

The foreign tourist asked where he could buy batik (Indirect)

B. The police asked : when did the accident happen? (Direct)

The police asked when the accident had happened (Indirect)